A. Pronoun
Pronoun:
Singular
: I, she, he, it
Plural : you, we, they
Object
Pronoun:
Singular : me, her, him, it
Plural
: you, us, them
Posessive
Pronoun :– kepemilikan (tidak perlu menyebutkan benda)
singular
: mine, hers, his, its
Plural
: yours, ours, theirs
Possesive
Adjectives: menyebutkan kata benda
Singular : my, her, his, its
Plural : your, our, their
Reflexive
Pronoun:
Singular
: myself, herself, yourself, itself, himself, herself, oneself (menyatakan
sesuatu yang dilakukan sendiri)
Plural : ourselves, yourselves, themself (tidak
dilakukan untuk diri sendiri)
-
Adam gave himself a spanking new motorbike
as a birthday present
-
The government’s new regulations are for
the benefit of the people themselves
Impersonal
Pronoun:
A. One = siapapun
-One
should take care of one’s health
-
one should take care of his or her health
-
you should take care of your health
B.
It = apapun
-
It was a lovely afternoon. Its drizzling
-
Its ten past twelve. It was June 16 th
-
Its only one kilometer from my house
-
Dont be scared. Its only a mouse
-
It has been a pleasure talking to you
-
It surprised her that he said yes
-
It was said that the war would soon end
-
It can get very hot here in summer
Conjunction
= S, P, jika ada P lihat Subject pada kalimat sebelumnya (when)
Verb
ing = gerund = noun = S (using many symbol) – makes (predikat) – it (object)
Is
= predikat
noun+
es = plural (SPO)
AS
– But = conjuction
Exist
= verb = predicate
Kata
akhiran S termasuk possesive adjectives
Its
= posessive adjectives
It
is = S P
Kalimat
yang terdapat 2 buah klausa yakni seperti adult education in America began in
colonial times dan chief growth has taken places since the 1920’s yang
dihubungkan oleh konjungsi althought pada klausa kedua subjeknya adalah kata
chief growth namun untuk melengkapi hubungan pada kalimat pertama, maka
subjeknya seharusnya chief growth of adult education dan bisa diganti dengan
possesive adjective its sehingga bisa menjadi its chief growth
Kalimat
seperti Benny Goodman orchesta presented a concert at the prestigious Carnegie
Hall dan was clear that jazz had at last been fully accepted yang dihubungkan
oleh konjungsi when seperti diketahui ada struktur yang hilang pada klausa
kedua yakni subyeknya dan bentuk klausa kedua seharusnya menggunakan bentuk
impersonal pronoun it dalam menyatakan it was clear that karena yang dinyatakan
berkaitan dengan opini personal
Possesive
adjective their (possesive pronoun) tidak boleh diikuti dengan kata benda
seperti numbers
Apabila
ada kata pengganti yang digunakan dalam klausa kedua seharusnya adalah it
karena menurut jumlahnya seperti jumlahnya satu berarti menggunakan it kecuali
jika banyak bisa menggunakan themselves
B. Noun
: kata benda (generic/umum/abstrak) SPO
Letak:
1. Setelah
verb
2. Sebelum
verb
3. Setelah
determiners : kata tertentu untuk mencirikan noun – pronoun Possesive : its,
their
Article: a/ an, the
Contoh Derived Noun:
-
Ion – Tion = collection, confusion,
correction
-
Ance = attendance, difference
-
Er – Or = actor, preactitioner, engineer
-
Ure – Ture: failure, furniture, mixture
-
Age = carriage, package, marriage
-
Y – Ery = delivery, discovery, boundary
-
Ship = leadership, relationship
-
Th, Ht = warmth, depth, height, weight
-
Ress = actress, waitress, stewardess
-
Um – Ia = bacteria, referendum, sanitarium
-
Ism = idealism, communism, narcisism
-
Gy – Hy = technology, biology, geography
-
Ment = agreement, appointment
-
Ness = carelessness, clearness, goodness
-
Ist – Ant = typist, applicant, merchant
-
Al = arrival, approval, proposal
-
Ty = creativity, relativity, ability
-
Hood = brotherhood, neighborhood
-
Ian = historian, librarian, veterinarian
-
Ee = employee, interviewee
Irregular
Plural Nouns:
Man
– men
child - children
Heroes potatoes
Photos kilos
Mosquitoes/mosquitos volcanoes/volcanos
Calf
– calves knife - knives
Belief
– beliefs chief - chiefs
Fish series
Foot
– feet mouse - mice
Tomatoes echoes
Pianos zoos
Tornadoes/tornados zeroes/zeros
Leaf
– leaves life - lives
Cliff
– cliff roof - roofs
Sheep species
Beberapa
kata benda dari bahasa asing dan memilih bentuk plural asing
Criterion
– criteria phonomenon –
phenomena
Cactus
– cacti appendix
– appendices
Formula
– formulae analysis –
analyses
Bacterium
– bacteria medium – media
Nouncountable
Noun : tidak bisa dihitung – Singular Noun
Kesatuan
benda sejenis: baggage, clothing, equitment, food, etc
Zat
cair : water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup,
gasoline, blood, etc
Zat
padat : ice, bread, cheese, meat, gold, paper,
wool, etc
Zat
gas : steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke,
pollution, etc
Partikel : rice, corn, chalk, dust, salt, sand, sugar,
wheat,etc
Benda
abstrak : beauty, confindence, courage, education,
fun, etc
Bahasa : Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc
Bidang
studi : communication, chemistry, literature,
mathematics, etc
Hobi
& kreasi : bastball, soccer, badminton, chess, etc
Aktivitas
sehari – hari : driving, studying, swimming, travelling,
walking, etc
Fenomena
alam : weather, dew, fog, heat, humidity,
lightning, rain, etc
Dates
from = bercikal/bermula
Was
dan is termasuk predikat
That
diikuti dengan bentuk verb/ to be
To
= kata depan/proposisi
In
= preposition + noun
Noun
+ noun = appositive
Noun
adjunct – verb ing untuk menyatakan kata benda (bridge – building)
Kata
benda menyatakan kata benda bisa langsung digunakan seperti the lawyer
Jika
ada kata S diakhiri are/is
Noun
boleh diakhiri ec
Bountuk
or untuk penghubung noun
Disrefull
– bisa diganti direspectfullness sebagai noun
Jika
ada A + noun (consunant)
An
+ noun (vowel)
Plural
diakhiri es/es (flowers)
Noun
2 kata benda ada kata of (noun of noun)
Kata
is digunakan menjadi be verb (predikat) sebagai penghubuk objek
Kata
and penghubung 2 profesi yang menjadi keterangan penjelas dari subjek kalimat
Kata
kerja rezognized membutuhkan objek berupa kata benda
Frasa
kata benda principle of bukan membahas profesi (manager) melainkan bidang
(management). Dalam penggunaan kata benda harus menyesuaikan apakah kata benda
yang dimaksud membahas hal/profesi sehingga tidak terjadi salah pengunaan dalam
kalimat
C. Article
(a, an, the)
1. Indefinite
and Definite
-
A banana is yellow (singular count)
-
Bananas are yellow (plural count)
-
Fruit is good for you (noncount)
-
I ate same fruit (noncount)
-
Thank you for the banana (singular count)
-
Thank you for the bananas (plural count)
-
Thank you for the fruit (noncount)
2. Expression
of Quantity
-
Countable: many, a few/few, a number of,
several
-
NounCountable: much, a little/little, a
great deal of
-
Some untuk countable dan nouncountable
3. Using
OF in Quantity
-
Most + nonspefisic noun : most books are
interesting
-
Most + of
+ spesific noun :
most of my books are in
english
most of the books on that
table are mine
-
Other quantifiers: all, some, many, few,
several, both, two, one, much, a little, little
-
Can be both: a lot of, lots of, a couple
of, plenty of, a number of, dan a great deal of
I’ve read a lost of books
(spesific)
I’ve read a lot of these
books (spesific)
4. One,
Each, and Every
-
One student was late to class
-
Each student has a schedule
-
Every student has a schedule
-
One of the students was late to class
-
Each of the students has a schedule
-
Every one of the students has a schedule
Bisa diikuti of jika diikuti
spesific plural (the)
5. Forms
OF Other
-
The sudent in the class come from many
tribes. One of the students is from padang. Another student is from Pontianak.
Another is from Ambon. Other students are from Jawa. Others are from Sunda
-
I have three books. Two are mine. The
other book is yours (the other is yours)
-
We write to each other every week : saling
-
We write to one another every week :
saling
-
Please write on every other line : selang
-
I see her every other week: selang hanya
terjadi setiap beberapa minggu
-
I will be here for another three years :
more
-
I need another ten thousand rupiahs : more
-
We drove another ten kilometers : more
(lebih)
-Another diikuti singular
noun
-The other’s = posessive
adjective
-Di awal kalimat ada
preposisi m(in) berbentuk keterangan
-The bisa untuk kata
benda (singular/plural)
- Caused by; passive
- kata if untuk 2 kalimat
- one of the nouns –
plural
- singular :a/an
-plural: s/es
D. Adjective
= kata sifat : O – S – A – S – C – O – M - P
1. Opinion Adjectives
-
General: good, bad, beautiful, etc
-
More spesific: comfortable, clean,
expensive, etc
2. Descriptive
Adjectives
-
Size: small, big, etc
-
Age: old, young, etc
-
Shape: round, square, etc
-
Color: green, red, golden, etc
-
Origin: American, Japamese, etc
-
Material: leather, metal, plastic, etc
-
Purpose: walking (stick), swimming (pool)
3. Kind
Of Adjective
-
It is a confusing problem : particiapial
adjective : kata sifat yang memberikan makna aktif / pasif
-
They are confused students : participial
adjective
-
The building opposite to the bank is a two story shop: adjective phrase:
penggunaan kata benda/ angka yang menunjukkan kata sifat
-
The five bedroom bungalow has been
mortgaged to the bank: adjective phrase
-
The passenger are allowed to smoke only in
the smooking compartment : kegiatan/tujuan
4. Derived
Adjective
-
Ive
: imaginative,
creative, active
-
Ous :
dangerous, suspicious, famous
-
Ful :
beautiful, powerful, skillful
-
Less :
jobless, homeless, powerless
-
Y :
wealthy, hairy, healthy
-
Ly :
friendly, monthly, daily, costly
-
Able :
reasonable, adaptable, dengradable
-
Ish :
reddish, childish, yellowish
-
Al :
astronomical, economical
-
Ic :
basic, sympathetic, automatic
-
Fic :
scientific, spesific
-
Ry :
sanitary, observatory, imaginary
-
Nt :
urgent, violent, different
5. Adverb:
kata keterangan – kata sifat yang diakhiri ly (kata kerja dan sifat)
-Letak Adverb:
a. Setelah verb : the turtlw walks slowly
b. Sebelum verb: he quietly opened the door
c. Di awal kalimat: consequently the boy was cursed
d. Sesudah Noun/Object: she draws the picture beautifully
e. Sebelum Adjective: i am totally confussed
6. Irregular
Adverb : yang tidak diakhiri ly
-
The car runs fast
-
Doni writes well: adverb
-
Maria was sick, but now she is well :
adjective
-
I feel good: mental
-
I feel well: health
-
My father always works hard: adverb
-
I hardly believe that she has gone:
can’t
-
Almost : adverb: tengah kalimat
-
Expressive stylish = adverb + adjective
-
A style expressive = noun + adjective
-
Stylishly expressive = adveerb + adjective
-
Experssive style = adjective + noun
-
Akhiran al,nt = adjective
-
Adjective + noun : noun phrase
To
= preposition bukan predikat
Predikat
bisa berbentuk verb dan adjective (to be + adjective)
Made
= verb3
Made
from dijadikan satu
Adverb
diletakkan sebelum adjective untuk menerangkan seberapa intensitas dari kata
sifat yang digunakan untuk emenrangkan kata benda.
-setelah
penguna to be seharusnya diikuti oleh
bentuk kata sifat adjjective karena diperjelas dengan pengunaan adverb yang
memang hanya boleh diletakkan sebelum
kata sifat
-
adjective diletakkan sebelum noun untuk menerangkan sifat yang dimiliki kata
benda
E. Comparison
Degree: menyatakan kesamaan
Comparisan
untuk menyatakan semakin semakin dapat menggunakan pola the er the noun,
the...er the noun misal the fresher, the vegetable, the healthier the content
dan soal ini merupakan satu materi yang paling sering muncul dalam soal Toefl
Comparative
sebagai perbandingan lebih antara 2 benda yang salah satu aspeknya dibandingkan
dalam hal ini diperbandingkan adalah the density of subtance’s solid dan the
density of subtance’s liquid
Comparative
sebagai perbandingan lebih digunakan untuk menyatakan maan di antara kedua
benda yang memiliki sifat lebih dibandingkan sifat yang dimiliki benda lainnya
dan ditandai dengan penggunaan kata than sebagai kata pembandingnya
Di
similiarity dapat digunakan sebagai perbandingan perbedaan yang dimiliki oleh
kedua benda dan bisa menggunakan kata unlike dan diletakkan didepan klausa
benda yang diperbandingkan, kata alike hanya digunakan untuk menyaman kesamaan
antar benda dan diletakakkan setelah kedua benda yang diperbandingkan
dituliskan
1. Similiarity
Comparison
-
Tokyo is the same as Osaka
-
Tokyo and Osaka are the same
-
Prague is similiar to Bangkok
-
Prague and Bangkok area similiar
-
The weather feels like spring
-
The weather and spring are alike
-
This food’s taste is like Mexican food
-
New york is almost the same size as Paris
-
Jane is the same age as Jack
-
New York is as large as Paris
-
Jane is as old as Jack
-
Sissy’s pencils resemble mine
-
He resembles his bother facially
2. Dissimilarity
Comparison
-
Pretoria is dissimilar to Jakarta
-
Pretoria and Jakarta are dissimilar
-
Unlike Japan, Indonesia has two seasonal
climates
-
Unlike you, i was the best the student
-
My cat is different from yours
-
My sister and i are different
-
Berlin differs from Brisbane
-
Jack and George differ from their father
facially
A like hanya bisa
digunakan di akhir sedangkan unlike di awal
3. Comparative
Estimation
-
The elephant is 500 kg in weight the goat
is 20 kg in weight. Therefore, the elephant is 25 times as big as the goat
-
Yogyakarta has more temples than another
cities in Indonesia
-
I get money less than what i want
-
The president should have as many as ten
bodyguards for himself only
4. Comparative
and Superlative
-
This room is cooler than mine: 1 / 2 suku
kata (er)
-
Ferrari is more expensive than Bmw : lebih
dari 2 (than)
-
Denspasar is the prettiest of all cities
on Bali Island: the adjective + est : paling
-
Jakarta is the most crowded city in
Indonesia: the most + adjective: paling
-
More + adj + than
-
More + noun (s) + than
-
As adj as possible soon – little noun
-
Angka comparative – 40 miles
-
Adj (1 sylabble/2 sylabells + er)
-
More + adj (>2 sylabels)
-
Jika pakai than tidak pakai the
F. Verb
and Modal Auxiliaries
1. Verb:
Predikat (S,P)
-
Birds fly : intransitive verb - predikat
bersifat subjek
-
The baby cried: intrasitive verb
-
The student needs a pen: transitive verb
-
My friend enjoyed the party: transitive
verb
-
John is a student: linking verb – to be –
noun / adjective
-
John is intelligent: linking verb - to be
– noun/adjective
-
John was at the mall: linking verb –
preposition
-
The soup smells good: linking verb
adjective
-
The population grows quickly: attribute
verb – adjective/ adverb
2.
Derived Verb
EN- = enlarge, encourage, enrich
RE- = renew, recreate, refill
-ZE, -IZE = apologize, realize, standardize
-EN = lenghten, frighten, threaten
-D = succeed, offend, applaud
-VE = prove, believe, relieve
-SE = use, excuse, advise
-ED, -ING
= cleaned, asked, cleaning, asking
-ER = lower, slower, newer
-IATE, - ATE =
differentiate, initiate, violate
-FY, - IFY
= classify, solidify, beautify
3. Modal
Auxiliaries :
-
Modal + V1
: must, will, can, etc = S + modal + V1
Modal + Have V3
= S + modal + have V3 = kejadian di masa lalu
4. Kinds
of Modal Aux
-
All applicants must take an entrance exam
: obligation
-
All applicants have to take an entrance
exam : obligation
-
Tomorrow is a holiday. We dont have to go
to school
-
I can hear you. You needn’t shout
-
You mustn’t tell anyone my secret,
promise? : larangan
-
You should study harder : imbauan
-
Drivers ought to obey the speed limit :
imbauan
-
The gas tank is almost empy: imbauan
-
We had better stop at the next service
station
5.
Past Modal AUX = modal + have v3 (should,
could, might, must, would)
-
I had a test this morning. I didn’t do
well on the test because i didn’t study for it last night. I should have
studied last night
-
We went to the movie, but it was a bad
movie, we wasted our time and money. We shouldn’t have gone to the movie
-
P = verb = noun change
-
There are – subyek predikat
-
Tidak ada verb ing jika tidak ada to be
-
Jika verb 1 diawali – does – doesnt- did
-
As – aux noun : can
-
Modal menggunakan passive = modal + be v3
-
Can + v1 without s/es
-
Should have v3/been v3
-
To diikuti verb 1
-
Modal auxiliaries amy dapat ditambahkan
pola v1 untuk menyatakan ke dalam bentuk aktif. Bentuk past modal
Pembentukan
kalimat baru dimulai dengan subjek noun/pronoun dan predikat modal + verb
Not
menandai penggunaan verb secara negatif. None dan no digunakan untuk subjek/
objek untuk menyatakan ketiadaan. Sedangkan nor digunakan dalam sebuah pilihan
negatif (yang keduanya tidak dipilih)
G. Preposition
and Phrasal Verb (in, on, at) – sebuah kata digunakan sebagai kalimat
1.
Preposition : menyatakan keterangan tempat
: bisa ditaruh didepan kalimat
(K,S, P, O) Preposition + noun
-
You can sit before the desk ( or in front
of the desk)
-
The professor can sit on the desk (when
he’s being informal)
-
His feet are under the desk or be beneath
the desk
-
He can stand beside the desk (meaning next
to the desk), before the desk, between the desk and you, or even on the desk
(if he’s really strange)
Menyatakan
arah:
-
If he’s clumsy, he can bump into the desk
or try to walk throught the desk (and stuff would fall off the desk)
-
Passing his hands over the desk of resting
his elbows upon the desk
Tidak harus menyatakan keterangan
tempat tapi untuk kata depan:
-
He often looks across the desk and speaks
of the desk of corcerning the desk as if there were nothing else like the desk
-
-
Because he thinks of nothing except the
desk, sometimes you wonder about the desk, what’s in the desk, what he paid for
the desk, and if he could live without the desk
Keterangan tempat dan
waktu:
-
You can walk toward the desk, to the desk,
around the desk, by the desk, and even past the desk while he sits at the desk
or leans against the desk
-
All of this happens, of course in time
during the class, before the class, until the class, throughout the class,
after the class, etc
-
And the professor can sit there in a bad
mood (another adverbial construction)
2.
Preposition with Noun: preposition
mengikuti kata depan
-
Approval of
-
Concern of
-
Fondness for
-
Hope for
-
Need for
-
Reason for
-
Success in
-
Awareness of
-
Confusion about
-
Grasp of
-
Interest in
-
Participation in
-
Respect for
-
Understanding of
-
Belief in
-
Desire for
-
Hatred of
-
Love of
3. Preposition
with adjective
-
Afraid of
-
Capable of
-
Fond of
-
Jealous of
-
Proud of
-
Sure of
-
Sorry for
-
Angry at
-
Careless about
-
Happy about
-
Made of
-
Similiar to
-
Tired of
-
Worry about
-
Aware of
-
Familiar with
-
Interested in
-
Married to
-
Different from
4. Preposition
with verb
-
Apologize for
-
Belong to
-
Find out
-
Look for
-
Bring up
-
Trust in
-
Worry about
-
Ask abou
-
Bring up
-
Give up
-
Look forward to
-
Look up
-
Work for
-
Turn off
-
Ask for
-
Care for
-
Grow up
-
Think about
Even
thought – subjek predikat
Of
bisa digunakan sebagai preposition, of ten people, one receives a gift
Build
in = terintegrasi di dalam
Build
on = meninggikan
Build
up = menumpuk/ mengendap
Deal
on = menyepakati
Deal
with = berkaitan
In
+ cities
Danger
of
Salah
satu bentuk keterangan kalimat adalah menggunakan preposition yang
diterjamahkan pun artinya sesuai dengan konteksnya
At
digunakan sebagai preposisi dari keterangan waktu tertentu dan dapat diletakkan
di awal kalimat sebelum subjek dan predikat sebagai keterangan klausa
In
length penggunaan kalimat tidak tepat melainkan harus diganti five meters high,
one thousand meters deep
Preposis
from digunakan untuk menyatakan asal dari suatu benda, sedangkan karena
menggunakan present perfect tense maka penggunaan preposisi from menjadi since
untuk menandakan sejak kapan sesuatu berlangsung
H. Concord
& Parallelism
1. Basic
Concord = subject – verb agreement
-
My friend lives in Bandung (Singular Verb)
-
My friends live in Bandung (Plural Verb)
-
That book on political parties in
interesting
-
The ideas in that book are interesting
-
My brother and sister live in Bandung
-
Every man, woman, and child needs love
-
Each book and magazine is listed in the
catalog
-
Growing flowers is her hobby
2. Concord:
Expression Of Quantity
-
Some of the book is good
-
Some of the books are good
-
A lot of the equipment is new
-
A lot of my friends are here
-
Two thirds of the money is mine
-
Two thirds of the pennies are mine
-
One of my friends is here
-
Each of my friends is here
-
Everyone of my friends is here
-
None of the boy is here
-
The number of students in this class is
fifteen
-
A number of students were very late for
class
-
There is a book on the shelf
-
There are some books on the shelf
3. Concord:
Irregularities
-
The news is interesting
-
The united states is big
-
The philippines consistes of 7000 islands
-
The united nations is located in New York
-
Mathematics is easy for her
-
Eight hours of sleep is enough
-
One million rupiahs is too much to pay
-
Five thousand kilometers is too far to
travel
-
Those people are from Bali
-
The police have been called
-
English is spoken in many countries
(language)
-
The english drink tea (people from
England)
-
The poor habe many problems while the rich
get rich
4. Concord
With Noun
-
A student walked into the room. She/he was
looking for the teacher
-
Some students walked into the room. They
were looking for the teacher
-
A student should always do his or her
assignment (Generic Noun)
-
Everyone has his or her own ideas
5. Concord
with Collective Noun
-
Audience
-
Class
-
Faculty
-
Couple
-
Government
-
Group
-
Family
-
Staff
-
Team
-
Public
-
Committee
-
Crowd
-
My family is large. It is composed of nine
members
-
My family is loving and supportive. They
are always ready to help me
-
The government is planning it (American
-
The goverment are planning it (British)
I. Parallelism
1. Not
Parallel:
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicyle
Parallel:
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicyle
2. Not Parallel:
The production manager was asked to write his report
quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner
Parallel: the production manager was asked to write
his report quicky, accurately and thoroughly
3. Not
Parallel: s,p
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he
waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems
in a careles manner nad his motivation was low
4. Not
Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot
of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm up exercises
before the game
Parallel:
The coach told the players that they should get a lot
of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm
up exercises before tha game
Parallel:
The coach told the player that they should get a lot
of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm up exercises before the game
Parallel:
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he
waited until the last minuted to study for the exam, completed his lab problems
in a careless manner and lacked motivation
5. Not
Parallel:
The salesman expected that he would present his
product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show slide
presentation and that questions would be asked by prospectiveness buyers
(passive)
Parallel: that = S + P
The salesman expected that he would present his
product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show slide
presentation and that prospective buyers would ask him questions
6. Not
Parallel:
The dictionary can be used for these purposes to find
word meanings, pronounciations, correct spelling, and looking up irregular
verbs
Parallel:
The dictionary can be used for these purposes to find
word meanings, pronounciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs
7. Not
Parallel:
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method,
while now the laboratory method is employed
Parallel: S to be V3
Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method,
now it is taught by laboratory method
Being
V3 = Passive (Ving)
For
= preposition + noun + ving gerund
Comparative
– er than
Superlative
– the – est
Every
+ noun (singular)
Fungi
= plural
Fungus
= singular
S
(v1)
S
(v1 s)
Noun
noun and noun noun
In
preposition = noun (verb ing)
Ketiadaan
dinyatakan secara singular dengan menggunakan to be is dan impersonal there
Ketentuan
kesetaraan Ving yang harus digunakan agar sebanding dengan Ving lainnya yakni
learning, conditioning, thinking (example)
J. Conjungtion
1. Contrast
Conjunction: pertentangan
-
These shoes are old but comfortable
-
He didnt get the job despite/ in spite of
all his qualifications – conjuction noun
-
He didnt get the job despite the fact
that/ in spite of the fact that he had all qualifications
-
Alhthough/ though/ even though he hurried,
the shop was cloed when he got there
-
The performances of our badminton athletes
keeps declining. However/ Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/ On the other hand, we must
still support and ecourage them
-
He didnt study, yet he passed the exam
-
He thought i was lying, whereas i was
telling the truth
-
Theme of cartoon is childish while anime
can be so mature
2. Conjuction
of Purpose: TUJUAN
-
I’m saving money for travelling abroad
next year: for ving
-
I’m saving money so that/in order that i
can travel abroad next year = S,P
-
I will go to the store in order to buy
some soda = in + Ving
3. Cause
And Effect Conjuction: sebab akibat
-
I cant go because i am ill
-
I cant walk because of my broken leg
-
Her success was due to hard work
-
Her success due to the fact that she
worked hard
-
It was such nice weather that we went to
the zoo = such adj + noun thatS P
-
He speaks so fast that i cant understand
what he is talking about = so adj
-
As i love you, i will do anything
-
I didnt pass the test, for i hadnt studied
welln = for S P (Karena)
-
As long as you are not busy, please help
me
-
Now that work in journalism, i dont have
to work as sales anymore
Now that = karena
sekarang
-
Since i have never gone to Sweden before,
now i’m feeling happy to know that my boss offered me to work there
-
He didnt spend money carelessly.
Therefore, he was able to save money (formal)
-
He didnt spend money carelessly. He
therefore was able to save money
-
He didnt spend money carelesly. He was
able to save money, therefore
-
Hence, thus, consequently, so, as a result
-
The incessant rain heavily poured over a
week ago thereby making our city flooded
Thereby
= sehingga – thereby + ving
4. Other
Conjuctions
-
Such cities as Bandung and Surabaya are
big = such noun as
-
Not only is Mia smart but also clever
-
Not untul 1998 did Reformation era begin
So
do i = to be s= i like it too
-
Either go to see him or send an apology
will be the best way to solve your problem with him
-
Neither Joan nor David could come to our
party
-
I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless its cold
= if it is not cold
Since = S P
Because of noun
Either or = 2 pilihan
Both and
S P but S P
SP but P
Where (in which, in that)
= because
Kata hubung suportif: S
P, futhermore, moreover, in addition S P
While ditengah atau awal
S P meanwhile
S P
Noun only to be S, but also
S not only P, but also
Because S P
Because of + noun
So adj that
Too ajd – to v1
Even though S P
Despite noun
Even = preposition
Verb
did diletakkan di awal seperti kalimat tanya
K. Tenses
And Passive Voice
1. Simple
Present Tense
-
It snows in Alaska: fact
-
I watch television every day: habit
-
The museum opens at ten tomorrow morning:
routine
-
Classes begin next week
-
Joni works at the bank
-
She watches birds : v1 + es/s
-
Wash = washes
-
Toss = tosses
-
Unbox = unboxes
-
Cry = cries
-
Watch = watches
-
Buzz = buzzes
-
Buy = buys
2. Simple
Past Tense: V1 – v2 - ed
-
It snowed yesterday
-
I watched television last night
Irregular
past verb : take took
3. Simple
Future Tense
- It
will snow tomorrow: will V1
- I
am going to watch television tonight: to be going to V1
4. Present
Continous Tense : am , is, are , ving (terjadi sekarang atau tahun)
-
He is sleeping right now
-
She is writing another book this year
-
She is in her room writting her script now
-
My wife has an appoitment with a doctor.
She is seeing Dr Fatika Next Tuesday
5. Past
Continous Tense: was were Ving: terjadi lebih dulu
-
He was sleeping when i arrived
-
While i was driving home, it began to rain
-
At 8 o’clock last nightm i was studying
-
Last year at this time, i was attending
school
6.
Future Continous Tense: will be Ving (masa
depan)
- He
will be sleeping when we arrive
- Dont
call me at nine tonight because i wont be home. I will be studying at the
library
7. Present
Perfect Tense: have has V3
- She
has already eaten
- I
have never seen snow
- I
have flown on an airplane many times
- She
has had this same pair of shoes for three years
- I
have lived here since 1997
8. Past
Perfect Tense: sudah selesai duluan (had V3)
-
I had already eaten when they arrived
-
Sonny had left before we got there
-
After they had finished the meal, they
went home
9. Future
Perfect Tense
-
I will have already eaten by the time they
arrive
-
I will have graduated by next August
10. Perfect
Continous Tenses
-
I have been studying for two hours
- I had been studying for tow hours before my
friend came
-
I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive
L. Passive
Voice
1. Simple
Present
- Bella helps Adrian – Adrian is helped by
Bella
Am/is/are Ving to be being V3
2. Simple
Past
- Bella helped Adrian – Adrian was helped by
Bella
Have/has V3 have/has
been V3
3. Simple
Future
- Bella will help Adrian – Adrian will be helped by
Bella
Had V3 had
been V3
4. Stative
Passive
-
I locked the door five minutes ago. Now
door is locked
-
The window was broken by Anna yesterday.
Now the window is broken
-
I dont know where i am. I am lost
-
I cant find my wallet. It is gone
-
I am finished with my work
-
I am done with it
5. Stative
Passive: get + adj
-
I am getting hungry. Let’s eat soon
-
You shouldnt eat so much. You will get fat
-
I stopped working because i got tired
-
They are getting married next month
6. Passive
use with noun: s – to be V3 (PASSIVE) – noun – V1 (active)
-
A rock consists of several minerals
-
A rock is usually found in arid areas
Never digunakan untuk kalimat negatif
V3: have, has, had (to be V3)
Had digunakan untuk menyatakan masa lalu
Bentuk umum present perfect tense adalah has/have V3
Kalimat general truth harus menggunakan bentuk simple
present tense
M. Clauses
and Sentences
1. Adjective
Clause
- I
thanked the woman. She helped me
I thanked the woman who helped me
- The
book is mine. It is on the table
The book which is on the table is mine
-
The man was Mr Jamie. I saw him
The man whom (subjek lain) i saw was Mr Jamie
-
The movie wasn’t very good. We saw it last
night
The
man which (benda) we saw last night
-
She is the woman. I told you about her
She is the woman about whom (keterangan) i told you
-
The music was good. We listened to it last
night
The music which we listened to (to which we listened)
was good
-
I know the man. His biycle was stolen
I know the man whose biycle was
stolen
-
The student writes well. I read her
composition
The student whose i read composition
writes well
-
Mr Karno has a painting. Its value is
inestimable
Mr Karno has a painting whose value
is inestimable
-
The building is very old. He lives there
The building which he lived (where he lives) in is very old
The building in which he lived is
very old
-
The teacher who teaches chemistry is an
excellent tutor
-
Mrs Nur who teaches chemistry, is an
excellent tutor
-
In my class there are 20 students. Most of
them are from Java
Most of whom
-
He gave several reasons. Only a few of
them were valid
Only a few of which
-
The teachers discussed Jim. One of his
problem was poor study habits
One of whose problems
- President
Soekarno was the first president of Indonesia. He was one of the most
influental person of the nation’s history
President soekarno of of the most person, was the
first president Indonesia
2. Noun
Phrases
-
His story was interesting
-
What he said was interesting
-
I dont know where she lived: her house
-
I couldnt hear what he said: it
-
Please tell me when they arrived : the
time
-
I wonder
who is at the door: the man
-
I dont know why those men are running: the
reason
-
Please tell me how to get to the rain
station: the way
-
What she said surprised me
(The news)
-
Whether she comes or not is unimportant to
me
(The question)
-
That she doesnt understand spoken english
is obsivious
(Her skill in english)
3. Indirect
Speech
- She
said, i have to watch Tv. She said, Do you watch Tv?
- She
said that she had to watch Tv. She asked me if i watched Tv?
S P that SP
- She
said, watch TV!
- She
told me to watch Tv
4. Ever
-
Whoever wants to come is welcome
(Anyone
who wants to come)
-
He makes friends with whomever he meets
(Anyone that)
-
He says whatever comes into his mind
(Anything
that)
-
We can watch whichever movies that you
prefer
(any movies)
-
You may leave whenever you wish
(anytime)
-
She can go wherever she want to go
(anywhere)
-
The students may dress however they please
( in any way)
In wich = in that
Pronoun where
untuk mengaitkan kalimat
Adjective clause
dapat digunakan untuk memberikan keterangan pada suatu kata benda. Relative
pronoun dapat melanjutkan kalimat
Dalam adjective
clause setelah kata which diikuti verb bila menerangkan subjek kalimat
Kalimat adjective
clause yang ditandai dengan relative pronoun di kalimat berada dalam simple
present tense karena menunjukan general truth
N.
Infinitive, Gerund, and Causative 1
1. Infinitive:
TO + V1
-
He comes here to see me: tujuan (to see =
must do)
-
The students are to do the school
assignment: to be + to V1 = kewajiban
-
The game is supposed to begin at 10.00 PM
-
Mobile phone was first to emerge in 1995
-
It is too good to be true
-
I’m strong enough to lift the box: too
adjective to V1
-
English is easy to learn: adjective + to
V1
-
She advised us to wait until tomorrow: S P
S2 to V1
-
They agreed to help us: S P2 ( v tense +
to V1)
-
I promise to meet you : S P (verb + to V1)
2 kata kerja dilakukan berurutan) O
-
I din’t except to be invited to his party:
to be V3
-
Jane is fortunate to have been given a
scholarship: to have been V3
-
Arrange -care
-
Decide -
except
-
Hesitate -
manage
-
Offer -
pretend
-
Propose -
remember
-
Swear -
claim
-
Wait -
fail
-
Would like -
mean
-
Ask -
promise
-
Demand -
seem
-
Hope -
consent
-
Plan -
forget
-
Refuse -
need
-
Threaten -
intend
-
Want -
struggle
-
Beg -deserve
-
Learn -prepare
-
Regret -volunteer
-
Wish
2. Gerund:
Ving – noun (–preposition- Ving)- (to + Ving)
- Swimming
is my hobby: S P O: activity/ process
- I
am swimming right now: Ving – Continous Verb
- He
is good at speaking English
- She
leaves the shop without buying any goods
- I’m
interested in browsing Google Earth
- I
am looking forward to hearing from you soon
- I
confessed to stealing the CD
- He
objects to marrying his girlfriend soon
- I
used to practice dance every week: past habit
- I
am used to sleeping at 11.00 PM: present habit
- I
dont mind her smoking here
- I
will finish my eating later
- I
resent her interfering in my business
- Let’s
go to the swimming pool
- Grandpa
lost is walking stick
- Please
smoke in the smoking room
- He
admitted cheating the test
- She
advises waiting until tomorrow
- I
anticipate having good time on vacation
- I
avoid meeting you: Verb + Verb ing = 2 kata kerja dilakukan bersamaan
- It
is no use waiting for her
- I
cant help falling in love with you
- I
cant stand smelling the odor
- Inception
movie is worth watching
- The
job requires filling the registration form completely
- The
house needs painting
- We
need to go shopping now
- Animals
disklike being eaten by human
- I
give up being employed by that man: being V3
- We
had fun playing volleyball
- I
had trouble finding his house
- Siti
spends most of her time studying
- I
waste a lost of time watching TV
- She
sat at her desk writing a letter
- I
stood there wondering what to do next
- He
is lying in bed reading a novel
-
Appreciate -avoid
-
Discuss -dislike
-
Mention -mind
-
Recall -recollect
-
Resist -risk
-
Understand -excuse
-
Fancy -
complete
-
Continue -enjoy
-
Miss -recommended
-
Stop -forgive
-
Imagine -consider
-
Finish -postpone
-
Regret -suggest
-
Prevent -delay
-
Forget -practice
-
Remember -tolerate
-
Deny -keep
-
Quit -resent
3. Infinitive
and Gerund
- Advise -
begin -continue -dislike
- Dread -hate -intend -like
- Love -prefer -proposed -start
-
I prefer swimming to jogging
-
I prefer to swim than (to) jog
-
It began to rain
-
It began raining
-
Hindari penggunaan double Ving
-
We are starting to work = correct
-
We are starting working = incorrect
-
We are considering about leaving the town
= correct (about)
-
I am admitting on cheating the test =
correct (on)
-
He advised buying a fiat
-
He advised me to buy a fiat (me pihak
kedua)
-
I’ll never forget giving the cake
-
I forget to give the cake
-
He stops smoking: dilakukan bersamaan
-
When he was driving along the highway, he
stopped to smoke: berurutan
-
They’re trying to open the door
-
They tried opening the door
4.
Causative: menyebabkan sesuatu” S1 membuat
S2 melakukan sesuatu/perintah (make,have, get)
1. Causative
- I
made my brother carry my suitcase
- I
had my brother carry my suitcase: memerintah
- I
got my brother to carry my suitcase
-
My father let me drive his car
-
I help my friend choose major for college
-
I help my friend to choose major for
college
-
Alan asked his friends to play soccer with
him after school
2. Passive
Causative: have get+ o (noun) + V3
-
I had my watch repaired
-
I will get my watch repaired
3.
Verb of Perception: sight, hearing
-
I saw my friend running down the street
-
When i walked into the apartment, i heard
my roommate singing in the shower
-
When i walked into my office, i found Yogi
using my laptop (found = memergoki)
-
When she walked into her home, she caught
a thief taking all her jewelries
First second third – Verb1
(infinitive)
Spring = meregang
By prepoisition – Ving
S1 cause s2 to V1
His + noun – Ving/Gerund
Noun of noun Ving
To +V1
O. Participle
1. Studying,
he passed the test: K S P O
(
Because he studies, he passed the test)
Practicing hard, the team won the match
Telling the truth, i am feeling relieved
Because S P – activate Verb
2. Active
Participle: having V3
-
Having opened the drawer, i take the gun: (After
i open the drawer)
After + S P (active)
-
Having registered intensive learning
program, i will do my best to pass the exam
-
Having fed the catm we bathed it at the
grooming salon
-
I meet the girl who smiles at me (i meet
the girl smiling at me)
-
I am going to meet my friend who sold me his jacket (selting me his jacket)
-
I meet the smilling girl: the girl who
smiles
-
We hate those smelling garbage trucks
-
Look at the flying object to there: the
object that fly
3. Passive
Participle
-
Surrounded by mountain, the city has a
cool climate
(because the city is surrounded by
mountain)
-
Taught by proper teacher they understood
the subjects
-
Visited by the Obama, Indonesia had
prepared the most expensive greeting ceremony ever
-
Having been beaten by Erick, Johnny became
a polite man
( after
Johnny was beaten by Erick)
-
Having been accused for the theft case, Mr
John is now no longer having jobs to do
-
Having been stunned by poisonous stingray,
The Crocodile Man From Austalia, faced his end
-
The book which is written by Stephanie
Meyers is best seller worldwide
( The book
writen by S M is best seller)
-
I’m going to buy the shoes which are
displayed on the Year’s End Midnight Sale at Centro: displayed
-
We will find the hidden treasure: treasure
that was hidden
-
I love wearing hand made Batik
-
The story of a lost world is hideous
4. Differences
between active participle & gerund
Modifiers of Noun:
-
A swimming pool : a pool for swimming
-
A swimmin child: a child who swim
-
A walking stick: a stick walking
-
A walking girl: a girl walking
-
A travelling bag: a bag travel
-
A travelling man: a man who travel
Sentence Pattern:
- Walking
in the jungle make the young man happy
(s)
- Walking
in the jugle, the young man felt happy
(k)
- Reading
book is like listening to music
- Reading
book, she is listening to music
- Discussing
with teachers can solve the problem
- Discussing
with teacher, we can solve the problem
(Find V1 – Found v2) – found (V1) –
Founded (V2) membangun
Because – S P (passive verb) – Verb 3
Which represent – representing
By which are
